2008-03-27
ISO has just approved the creation of a project committee mandated to develop an international standard on energy management.
The standard will provide all types of organizations and companies a practical and widely recognized approach to increase energy efficiency, reduce costs and improve their environmental performance by addressing both the technical and management aspects of rational energy use. The standard is intended to be broadly applicable to various sectors of national economies, including utility, manufacturing, commercial building, general commerce, and transportation sectors, and therefore, could have influence on as much as 60 % of the world’s energy demand.
ISO Secretary-General Alan Bryden commented: “The urgency to reduce GHG emissions, the reality of higher prices from reduced availability of fossil fuels, and the need to promote energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources, provide a strong rationale for developing this new standard building on the most advanced best practices and existing national or regional standards”.
Following the successful examples of the ISO 9000 series on quality management and the ISO 14000 series on environmental management, the project committee ISO/PC 242, Energy management, will consider the development of a standard containing relevant terms and definitions and providing management system requirements together with guidance for use, implementation, measurement and metrics.
The standard will be based on the continual improvement and Plan-Do-Check-Act approach utilized in ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 to provide compatibility and integration opportunities.
Among the main benefits of the future standard are that it will:
provide organizations and companies (utilities, manufacturers, commerce, buildings, transportation, both private and public) with a well-recognized framework for integrating energy efficiency into their management practices
offer organizations with operations in more than one country a single, harmonized standard for implementation across the organization
provide a logical and consistent methodology for identifying and implementing improvements that may contribute to a continual increase in energy efficiency across facilities
assist organizations to better utilize existing energy consuming assets, thus reducing costs and/or expanding capacity
offer guidance on benchmarking, measuring, documenting, and reporting energy intensity improvements and their projected impact on reductions in GHG emissions
create transparency and facilitate communication on the management of energy, promote energy management best practices, thus reinforcing the value of good energy management behaviours
assist facilities in evaluating and prioritizing the implementation of new energy-efficient technologies
provide a framework for organizations to encourage suppliers to better manage their energy, thus promoting energy efficiency throughout the supply chain
facilitate the use of energy management as a component of GHG emission reduction projects.
The secretariat of ISO/PC 242 will be held jointly by the ISO members for the United States and for Brazil: ANSI (American National Standardization Institute) and ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas).
No information about modification-date available
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2008-04-18
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Media Contact
Sandrine TranchardCommunication OfficerMarketing & Communication Tél. +41 22 749 03 11Fax +41 22 733 34 30tranchard@iso.org
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Monday, April 28, 2008
ISO launches project committee to develop international standard for energy management
Friday, April 25, 2008
Energy costs calculator
Appliance Energy Consumption Calculator
See our Typical Appliance Energy Use and Costs fact sheet.
To the Home Appliance Calculator
Quick instructions:
Click on the link above to go to the calculator. Select the number of appliances. Enter the best wattages and hours of operation for the appliances. Go to the bottom of the list and hit "calculate."
If you've ever wondered how much that new refrigerator, freezer or other appliance is affecting your electricity bill; you'll like our Home Appliance Calculator. With our Appliance Calculator, you can figure the monthly energy use of the appliances in your home.
After you are familiar with the basic instructions below, click the link here to go to the appliance calculator.
Appliances are grouped. When you go to the calculator, you'll notice the appliances listed in the following groups - heating, water heating, lighting, appliances, kitchen, and tools. This makes it easier to find appliances and calculate the cost of appliances by groupings.
Select appliances. To select appliances for a calculation, simply click on the pick list in the quantity column - for example, 1 electric furnace.
Watts. Default wattages for given appliances are listed in the next column. Of course, appliance wattages vary, and the results are only as good as the inputs you select. That would be the GIGO aphorism - garbage in, garbage out. (Pardon the tech talk.) So, if you have a better wattage, input that number in the watts box. Many appliances do have a wattage listing on the appliance.
Hours of operation per month. In the last column, again, defaults are entered, but the final calculation is only as accurate as your input here. For example, the number of hours per month your furnace operates, is typically not known. You can simply estimate, or you may wish to track the operation more closely on an average day during the heating season to figure a more accurate estimate. Remember, this entry is for the number of hours this appliance is used each month.
Calculate. Finally, click on the calculate button at the bottom of the list to see the monthly total, in dollars, for the appliances you have selected.
The calculation is fast. Experiment. Try a number of different calculations to see how varying use can affect your utility bill. Write down and compare results for the appliance groupings.
Note which appliances have large impacts on your bill and use them wisely to save money.
Cross check your calculations with Tacoma Power's UtiliGraph. See charts and graphs of your actual utilities use (City of Tacoma customers only). How do your calculations with the appliance calculator compare to your actual bill presented by UtiliGraph?
Whenever you replace or buy new appliances, make sure you buy appliances that are energy-efficient.
See our Residential Services section for more ideas on home energy efficiency and strategies for lower energy bills.
go here
and here
Wednesday, February 13, 2008
Cutting motors – and costs – down to size
2008-01-23
- The vast majority of the world’s industrial motors are unnecessarily over-sized. ABB motor control technology can help reduce the vast amounts of costly energy needlessly wasted, as well as excessive greenhouse gas emissions.
By ABB Communications
Motors account for 65 percent of the world’s industrial energy consumption. Most of those motors are grossly over-dimensioned, consuming far more energy and emitting more pollutants than is necessary.
Intelligent motor control systems let ABB customers downsize motors for significant energy savings.
“It’s common practice for industrial users to buy a motor that far exceeds their needs,” says Kjell Andersson of ABB Low Voltage Systems, Sweden. “They do this to give the motor a protective buffer from power spikes and uncontrolled overload.” But over-dimensioned protective buffers cost money and harm the environment. By using ABB's MNS Motor Management INSUM or the recently launched MNSiS, customers can install smaller, energy-efficient motors that are correctly dimensioned, consume less energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
MNS Motor Management INSUM combines motor control, monitoring and protection into one microprocessor-based system with a direct communication line to higher-level control systems. The ability to collect, filter and distribute relevant and complete electrical system data makes this a benchmark system for plant control, and optimizes the management, use and interaction of electrical system and process assets.MNS systems make it possible to drop down in size from, say, an excessively dimensioned 37 kW motor to a smaller 30 kW motor.
For a typical medium-sized site with 200 motors, that equates to a total saving of about 180,000 kilowatt hours a year and reduced annual CO2 emissions of 90 tons.
For a paper mill with 1,500 motors, the savings are even more striking.Swedish minerals company LKAB is a case in point. Power playOne of the world’s leading suppliers of iron ore products, LKAB consumes a 1.7 terawatt hours of electric power a year, 90 percent of which is used to power some 15,000 motors.Several years ago LKAB was concerned to find that only 16 percent of its motors were correctly dimensioned. Since then it has been gradually replacing its oversized motors with correctly dimensioned, energy-efficient ABB motors and equipping its low voltage switchgear with INSUM.
INSUM and MNSiS are low voltage power distribution and motor control centers that protect, control and monitor motors, individually and plant-wide. Developed as part of ABB’s MNS intelligent low voltage switchgear offering, they enable operators to manage the status, condition and energy consumption of a plant’s motors.
INSUM is used widely in process industries around the world and by industry giants like BASF, BP, Shell and Valmet. MNSiS (iS stands for integrated solution) was launched worldwide in 2006 to widespread industry acclaim.
Wednesday, January 23, 2008
For those who want to know more about India's Energy needs and the possible 'green solutions' ... may want to read what the Planning Commission has to say ... http://southasia.%20oneworld.%20net/article/%20view/154007/%201/1893
Details of the Planning Comm. can be found at: http://planningcomm%20ission.nic.%20in/aboutus/%20history/pradv.%20htm
I heard a talk by Shri Surya Sethi, Principal Adviser, Planning Comm, on the TV-LokSabha Channel. It is clear that if we want citizens to have a better way of Iife in India, more and more energy will be needed. Solar energy in any form is still technologically and economically not feasible, Biomass needs more land and water than India can spare, Cellulose and Ethanol consumes more energy than it gives, Wind and Sea will not give a substantial percentage of our national needs. To avoid further pollution, it is therefore important to substantially improve the efficiency at all points in the energy chain. Anything upto 25% energy can be saved at the current levels if we persue this focus.
The poor results of the Bali UN Conference are summarised at: http://www.flonnet.com/fl2501/stories/20080118502202900.htm
More details published by The Eco Times can be read at: http://economictime%20s.indiatimes.%20com/News/%20News_By_Industry%20/ET_Cetera/%20Help_us_reduce_%20emissions_%20says_India/%20articleshow/%202626979.cms
The OECD nations continue to avoid the seriousness of possible solutions with the US walking out of the conference. The talk give by Shri Surya Sethi is summarised by The Eco Times at: http://economictime%20s.indiatimes.%20com/Opinion/%20Guest_Writer/%20How_green_%20is_biofuel/%20rssarticleshow/%202283831.cms
Best wishes.
Praful Vora
--
Thursday, January 10, 2008
Tata unveils world's cheapest car
NEW DELHI (AFP)
— India's Tata Group unveiled Thursday the world's cheapest car costing 2,500 dollars amid predictions the no-frills vehicle could revolutionise how millions in India and elsewhere travel.The launch of the Tata Nano was a landmark in the history of transportation, claimed 70-year-old tycoon Ratan Tata, the head of the giant conglomerate, while rejecting fears the spartan car would add to congestion and pollution.
The four-door, five-seat sporty-looking car, which defied pre-launch predictions that it would be little more than a "motorised bullock cart on wheels", is due to hit the roads later this year at just 100,000 rupees (2,500 US dollars), excluding tax, after the Tata Group cut costs to the bone.
The theme from Stanley Kubrick's film "2001: A Space Odyssey" played as Tata unveiled the snub-nosed Nano -- so called to appear both high-tech and small -- to cheers and applause at the annual Delhi car show.The Tata chief, who drove a white Nano to the podium, said he had wanted to make "a safe, affordable and all-weather transport -- a people's car, designed to meet all safety standards and emissions laws and accessible to all.
"The Nano has a two-cylinder 623 cc, rear-mounted engine with a top speed of 105 kilometres (65 miles) per hour. The basic model has a four-speed manual transmission, no air conditioning, electric windows or power steering, although two deluxe versions will be available.The Nano initially targets increasingly affluent Indians trading up from a motorcycle to a car amid an economic boom, but there are plans to enter other emerging markets such as Latin America.Tata, likened by India's media to US automobile pioneer Henry Ford, compared the importance of the vehicle, nicknamed the "People's Car", to the first powered flight by the Wright brothers or the first lunar landing."
I observed families riding on two-wheelers, the father driving the scooter, his young kid standing in front of him, his wife seated behind him holding a little baby," Tata told reporters at the crowded launch."It led me to wonder whether one could conceive of a safe, affordable, all-weather form of transport for such a family," he said.
Soaring commodity prices had pushed up costs during the car's four-year development, but Tata said he had wanted to keep his pledge of a 100,000-rupee price tag, although tax will make the onroad price at least 120,000 rupees.
The businessman argued the new car -- less than half the price of its nearest budget car rival on Indian roads -- would be better and safer than most motorcycles."The car we have designed will meet all the current safety requirements... and will have a lower pollution level than even a two-wheeler being manufactured in India today," he said.Courier driver Daniel Abraham said the Nano appealed to him as a transport option."
If I can get a loan from my boss, I might buy the car so my family and I could travel. I can't take my mother on my motorcycle any more -- she's too old," he said.But environmentalists fear the Nano will jam up India's already clogged roads even further and add to choking pollution if it proves a winner."In my view this represents a bankruptcy of policy as far as transport options are concerned," said Rajendra Pachauri, head of the UN's climate panel which won the Nobel Prize last year."
If our roads are going to be flooded with these cars by a few million each year, what is that going to do? Every car that goes on the road is going to use road space. We're only adding to congestion" and increasing pollution, he said.Tata said he believed "India desperately needs a mass transit system" but asked "should (ordinary Indians) be denied the right to individual forms of transport?"Auto analysts say the Nano could have a major impact on the way global car firms think about costs.It may "revolutionise car costs downward," said Indian auto analyst Murad Ali Baig, adding that the Nano was bound to be followed by other low-cost cars.
The car has sparked a race among global automakers to come up with vehicles at rock-bottom prices to appeal to the new lucrative segment of consumers in India and other emerging markets."It is unlikely to keep this market for itself for too long," said Ian Fletcher, auto analyst at London-based Global Insight.Small cars comprise two-thirds of annual passenger vehicle sales in India. The budget car's nearest rival -- the Maruti 800 from Japanese-owned Maruti Suzuki -- sells for 4,800 dollars.Tata, which has been on an aggressive overseas expansion drive, is also expected to win its reported two-billion-dollar bid for the British Land Rover and Jaguar brands.That would put it in the unusual position of making two prestige marques and the world's lowest-cost car.
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The $2500 Tata Nano, Unveiled in India
After months of rumors and tantalizing leaks -- and as we first told you earlier this week -- Indian automaker Tata Motors has finally unveiled the Tata Nano -- its already legendary $2,500 (1-lakh)car. As expected, the car that Tata claims will change the face of not only the Indian car market, but the global auto industry will be a four door, five seat hatch, powered by a 30 HP Bosch 624 cc four stroke engine mounted out back and mated to a CVT. That makes the Nano the first time a 2-cylinder gasoline engine will be used in a car with a single balancer shaft. The Nano's also expected to get 54 US miles per gallon. Yes, but will it blend? Full press release after the jump with all the details. By the way -- are we the only ones happy to see a Tata Nano sporting what looks like a bra above? Also -- how long do we think it'll take before Apple files a lawsuit over the name? Update: We've got video of the unveil posted HERE
Saturday, January 05, 2008
Date with Tata car on Jan 10
OUR BUREAU
Dec. 19: Tata Motors will unveil its small car at the Delhi Auto Expo on January 10, 2008. The commercial launch will take place later in the year.
Touted to be the world’s cheapest car, which could sell for Rs 1 lakh, the unveiling of the “People’s Car” is being considered crucial for the success of Tata Motors.
“In keeping with our tradition of unveiling cars at the Auto Expo, we will present the People’s Car at a special ceremony on January 10. The commercial launch will take place later in 2008,” the company said.
Sources said the car could have a soft launch in April. The first car is likely to roll out from makeshift arrangements at Pantnagar in Uttarakhand where Tata Motors manufactures the Ace, the popular mini pick-up. However, the arrangement will continue for only a couple of months as all the components will have to be transported from elsewhere. The Singur plant is likely to begin production in June.
Tata Motors and Fiat India Automobile will be participating jointly in the 9th Auto Expo that begins on January 9, 2008. Their pavilion will cover an area of more than 5,200 square metres. While Tata Motors will display a range of new passenger vehicles, Fiat will showcase cars from its international range. Car lovers can look out for the Fiat Grande Punto, which will hit the Indian roads next year. Fiat will also showcase its Linea sedan.
In commercial vehicles, Tata Motors will display buses from the joint venture with Marcopolo of Brazil, newly developed multi-axle heavy trucks, pickup vehicles, applications of panel vans and new mini-trucks. Two-wheeler major Bajaj Auto, which also plans to come out with a $3000-car (Rs 1.2 lakh) in 2010, may showcase its concept car.
Dilip Chenoy, director-general of the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, said, “The decision to launch a model on any specific day during the auto expo rests with the companies. As organisers, we ensure that there is no overlapping of timings, so that everybody gets an opportunity to see the launch.”
Friday, January 04, 2008
Certified Energy Auditor Study Guide
How to Ace the Certified Energy Manager Exam, using my easy step-by-step Certified Energy Manager Exam study guide, without weeks and months of endless studying
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Books on Energy Efficiency
Hydroelectricity
Sustainable development Portal
Hydroelectricity is electricity produced by hydropower. It is a renewable source of energy, produces no waste, and does not produce carbon dioxide (CO2) which contributes to greenhouse gases. Hydroelectricity now supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of world electricity (16% in 2003), accounting for over 63% of the total electricity from renewables in 2005.[1]
Although large hydroelectric installations generate most of the world's hydroelectricity, small hydro schemes are particularly popular in China, which has over 50% of world small hydro capacity.[1]
Renewable energy sources worldwide in 2005 (2004 for items marked * or **). Off-grid electric and ground source heat pumps not included. Source: REN21[1]
Contents[hide]
1 Electricity generation
2 Countries with the most hydro-electric capacity
3 Oldest hydro-electric power stations
4 Major schemes in progress
5 Industrial hydroelectric plants
6 Advantages
6.1 Economics
6.2 Greenhouse gas emissions
6.3 Related activities
7 Disadvantages
7.1 Environmental damage
7.2 Greenhouse gas emissions
7.3 Population relocation
7.4 Dam failures
8 Comparison with other methods of power generation
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
//
[edit] Electricity generation
Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator.
Hydroelectric dam in cross section
Main article: Electricity generation
Gobar Gas
It's been a wild, exciting ride... but our blindly wasteful squandering of the planet's fossil fuels will soon be a thing of the past. In the United States alone (the worst example, perhaps, but not really unusual among "modern" nations), every man, woman and child consumes an average of three gallons of oil each day. That's well over two hundred billion gallons a year.
If we continue burning off petroleum at only this rate -- which isn't very likely since population is climbing and the big oil companies remain chained to "sell-more-tomorrow" economics -- experts predict the world will run out of refineable oil within (are you ready for this?) n30 years.
So where does that leave us? Well, number one, we obviously must get serious about population control and per capita consumption of power and, number two, if we don't want to see brownouts and rationing of the power we do use, we'd better start looking around for ecologically-sound alternative sources of energy.
And there are alternatives. One potent reservoir that's hardly been tapped is methane gas.
Hundreds of millions of cubic feet of methane -- sometimes called "swamp" or bio-gas -- are generated every year by the de- composition of organic material. It's a near-twin of the natural gas that big utility companies pump out of the ground and which so many of us use for heating our homes and for cooking. Instead of being harnessed like natural gas, however, methane has traditionally been considered as merely a dangerous nuisance that should be gotten rid of as fast as possible. Only recently have a few thoughtful men begun to regard methane as a potentially revolutionary source of controllable energy.
One such man is Ram Bux Singh, director of the Gobar Gas Research Station at Ajitmal in northern India. Although some basic research into methane gas production was done in Germany and England during World War II's fuel shortages, the most active exploration of the gas's potential is being done today in India.
And with good reason. Population pressure has practically eliminated India's forests, causing desperate fuel shortages in most rural areas. As a result, up to three-quarters of the country's annual billion tons of manure (India has two cows for every person) is burned for cooking or heating. This creates enormous medical problems -- the drying dung is a dangerous breeding place for flies and the acrid smoke is responsible for widespread eye disease -- and deprives the country's soil of vital organic nutrients contained in the manure.
The Gobar (Hindi for "cow dung") Gas Research Station -- established in 1960 as the latest of a long series of Indian experimental projects dating back to the 1930's -- has concentrated its efforts, as the name suggests, on generating methane gas from cow manure. At the station, Ram Bux Singh and his co- workers have designed and put into operation bio-gas plants ranging in output from 100 to 9,000 cubic feet of methane a day. They've installed heating coils, mechanical agitators and filters in some of the generators and experimented with different mixes of manure and vegetable wastes. Results of the project have been meticulously documented and recorded.
Facts about gobar*
Cow dung gas is 55-65% methane, 30-35% carbon di- oxide, with some hydrogen, nitrogen and other traces. Its heat value is about 600 B.T.U.'s per cubic foot.
A sample analyzed by the Gas Council Laboratory at Watson House in England contained 68% methane, 31% carbon dioxide and 1% nitrogen. It tested at 678 B.T.U.
This compares with natural gas's 80% methane, which yields a B.T.U. value of about 1,000.
Gobar gas may be improved by filtering it through limewater (to remove carbon dioxide), iron filings (to absorb corrosive hydrogen sulphide) and calcium chloride (to extract water vapor).
Cow dung slurry is composed of 1.8-2.4% nitrogen (N), 1.0-1.2/a phosphorus (P2O5), 0.6-0.8% potassium (K2O) and from 50-75% organic humus.
About one cubic foot of gas may be generated from one pound of cow manure at 75 F. This is enough gas to cook a day's meals for 4-6 people.
About 225 cubic feet of gas equals one gallon of gasoline. The manure produced by one cow in one year can be converted to methane which is the equivalent of over 50 gallons of gasoline.
Gas engines require 18 cubic feet of methane per horse- power per hour. *Hindi for "cow dung"
This comprehensive eleven-year-long research program has yielded designs for five standardized, basic gobar plants that operate efficiently under widely varying conditions with only minor modifications (see construction details of 100 cubic foot digester that accompany this article)... and a treasure trove of specific, field-tested principles for methane gas production.
Ram Bux Singh has compiled much of this information into two booklets, BIO-GAS PLANT and SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH BIO-GAS. The set of two manuals is available Air Mail for $5.00 from Ram Bux Singh, Gobar Gas Research Station, Ajitmal, Etawah (U.P.), India. The following information has been adapted, by permission, from the handbooks:
FERMENTATION There are two kinds of organic decomposition: aerobic (requiring oxygen) and anaerobic (in the absence of oxygen). Any kind of organic material -- animal or vegetable -- may be broken down by either process, but the end-products will be quite different. Aerobic fermentation produces carbon di- oxide, ammonia, small amounts of other gases, considerable heat and a residue which can be used as fertilizer. Anaerobic decomposition -- on the other hand -- creates combustible meth- ane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, traces of other gases, only a little heat and a slurry which is superior in nitrogen content to the residue yielded by aerobic fermentation. Anaerobic decomposition takes place in two stages as certain micro-organisms feed on organic materials. First, acid- producing bacteria break the complex organic molecules down into simpler sugars, alcohol, glycerol and peptides. Then -- and only when these substances have accumulated in sufficient quantities -- a second group of bacteria converts some of the simpler molecules into methane. The methane-releasing microorganisms are especially sensitive to environmental conditions.
TEMPERATURE ACIDITY The proper pH range for anaerobic fermentation is between 6.8 and 8.0 and an acidity either higher or lower than this will hamper fermentation. The introduction of too much raw material can cause excess acidity (a too-low pH reading) and the gas-producing bacteria will not be able to digest the acids quickly enough. Decomposition will stop until balance is restored by the growth of more bacteria. If the pH grows too high (not enough acid), fermentation will slow until the digestive process forms enough acidic carbon dioxide to restore balance.
CARBON-NITROGEN RATIO Although bacteria responsible for the anaerobic process require both elements in order to live, they consume carbon about 30 to 35 times faster than they use nitrogen. Other conditions being favorable, then, anaerobic digestion will proceed most rapidly when raw material fed into a gobar plant contains a carbon-nitrogen ratio of 30-1. If the ratio is higher, the nitrogen will be exhausted while there is still a supply of carbon left. This causes some bacteria to die, releasing the nitrogen in their cells and -- eventually -- restoring equilibrium. Digestion proceeds slowly as this occurs. On the other hand, if there is too much nitrogen, fermentation (which will stop when the carbon is exhausted) will be incomplete and the "left over" nitrogen will not be digested. This lowers the fertilizing value of the slurry. Only the proper ratio of carbon to nitrogen will insure conversion of all available carbon to methane and carbon dioxide with minimum loss of available nitrogen.
PERCENTAGE OF SOLIDS The anaerobic decay of organic matter proceeds best if the raw material consists of about 7 to 9 percent solids. Fresh cow manure can be brought down to approximately this consistency by diluting it with an equal amount of water.
BASIC DESIGN Central to the operation and common to all gobar plant designs' is an enclosed tank called a digester. This is an airtight tank which may be filled with raw organic waste and from which the final slurry and generated gas may be drawn. Differences in the design of these tanks are based primarily on the material to be fed to the generator, the cycle of fermentation desired and the temperatures under which the plant will operate.
Tanks designed for the digestion of liquid or suspended- solid waste (such as cow manure) are usually filled and emptied with pipes and pumps. Circulation through the digester may also be achieved without pumps by allowing old slurry to overflow the tank as fresh material is fed in by gravity. An advantage of the gravity system is its ability to handle bits of chopped vegetable matter which would clog pumps. This is quite desirable, since the vegetable waste provides more carbon than the nitrogen-rich animal manure.
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Bio Gas
It has been suggested that Gober gas be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)
Pipes carrying biogas
Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is comprised primarily of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas originates from biogenic material and is a type of biofuel. Biogas is a product of the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure or sewage, municipal waste, and energy crops.
The methane in biogas gives it the ability to be used as a fuel. The combustion of which releases energy. In developing countries biogas can be used as a low-cost fuel for cooking. It can also be utilised in modern waste management facilities where it can be used in gas engines to generate electricity. Biogas is a renewable fuel and electricity produced from it can be used to attract renwable energy subsidies in some parts of the world.
Contents
1 Production
2 Composition
3 Applications
4 Legislation
5 See also
6 External links
7 References
//
Main articles: anaerobic digestion and landfill gas
Biogas holder and flare
Depending on where it is produced, biogas can also be called swamp, marsh, landfill or digester gas. A biogas plant is
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Solar Power
Solar energy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This application of a parabolic reflector eliminates the need to transfer heat to a boiler by placing a Stirling engine at the focal point.
Renewable energy
Biofuels
Biomass
Geothermal power
Hydro power
Solar power
Tidal power
Wave power
Wind power
Solar energy is energy from the Sun. This energy drives the climate and weather and supports virtually all life on Earth. Heat and light from the sun, along with solar-based resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for over 99.9 percent of the available flow of renewable energy.[1]
Solar energy technologies harness the sun's energy for practical ends. These technologies date from the time of the early Greeks, Native Americans and Chinese, who warmed their buildings by orienting them toward the sun. Modern solar technologies provide heating, lighting, electricity and even flight.[2]
Solar power is used synonymously with solar energy or more specifically to refer to the conversion of sunlight into electricity. This can be done either through the photovoltaic effect or by heating a transfer fluid to produce steam to run a generator.
Solar photovoltaics provide 0.04% of the world's energy usage. [3] [4]
Contents[hide]
1 Energy from the Sun
2 Types of technologies
2.1 Agriculture and horticulture
2.2 Architecture and urban planning
2.3 Solar lighting
2.4 Solar thermal
2.4.1 Water heating
2.4.2 Heating, cooling and ventilation
2.4.3 Process heat
2.4.4 Cooking
2.4.5 Desalination and disinfection
2.5 Electricity generation
2.5.1 Photovoltaics
2.5.2 Concentrating solar
2.5.3 Experimental solar power
2.6 Solar vehicles
2.7 Solar chemical
2.8 Solar mechanical
3 Energy storage
4 Development, deployment and economics
5 Solar energy associations
5.1 Worldwide
5.2 Europe
5.3 North America
6 Solar energy research institutes
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
//
Earth receives 174 petawatts of incoming solar radi
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SOLAR PANELS
TATAs Electric car
They look futuristic – and they certainly pack more than a few advantages. But is India ready for electric vehicles, especially when the concept has failed to excite the western world.
When Steven Spielberg, renowned vehicle designer Harald Belker and Toyota Lexus come together to envision a car fit for Tom Cruise in the Sci-Fi blockbuster Minority Report, they come up with an electric vehicle (EV). For all of Toyota’s claims that Cruise’s Lexus is closer to fact than fiction, a history of EVs compiled by the Alfred P Sloan Foundation indicates that EVs have been struggling to make the journey from fiction to fact from before Henry Ford’s time.
Fact or fiction, treat it how you will, but EVs are now testing Indian shores. For years, we’ve heard about India’s first EV Reva, and then came Mahindra’s Bijlee. The latest to tinker with EV technology is V Sumantran, head of Telco’s passenger car division, who is working on the Indica Electric.
There must be something about EVs if it’s captured the fancy of most Indian automakers, despite its dismal performance in the West.For example, Ford abandoned the production of its EV brand called Think late last year, just as GM gave up on its EV1. So where does that put Indian EVs? For all those who have a thing for passion on wheels, Corporate Dossier decided to delve into automotive history and put together a complete picture on electric vehicles and whether the concept can work in India.
Our first port of call was obviously V Sumantran, not just because he’s working on the Indica Electric but also because he was closely associated with GM’s EV1. Commenting on Telco’s new baby, Sumantran cautions: "A company like Telco needs to play with R&D. Indica Electric is an R&D project, and few of these go past engineering feasibility."
According to Sumantran, one of the biggest issues EVs face is the cost of the battery — and its lifespan. He says this first hurdle needs to be overcome before one can even consider the commercial viability of electric cars. There have been a few breakthroughs in recent years, including the use of lead acid batteries in EVs. There’s also talk of Lithium-Ion batteries and Cadmium, but few of these are in mainstream use.The nature of usage of the battery and its replacement every few years is another cost issue.
Incidentally, an EV battery can cost up to 25-30 per cent of the actual cost of the car. Economically, the battery issue has been a difficult one to overcome, even internationally. Another factor that contributed to the demise of the EVs in the US is its limited range. A fully charged EV cannot go beyond 80-100 km without a recharge.However, Chetan Maini, managing director of Reva, which is commercially launching its EV called ‘ElectriCity’ in India, feels this is not a limitation for Indian city dwellers.
According to Maini’s claims, surveys show that city dwellers travel under 25 km on an average day. In addition, given Reva’s size, it’s an ideal vehicle for crowded city centres, whose stop-and-start traffic is easily tackled by the Reva. Maini is positioning Reva as an ideal second car for cities suffering from pollution problem.
The Reva has an interesting parentage. It’s an offspring of a joint venture between California-based Amerigon’s Electric Vehicle Technologies division and the Bangalore-based Rs 65 crore Maini Group. The total development cost has been in the range of $20 million, with an additional $5 million for production. Amerigon was actively working on EV technology when California had mandated that by 1998 at least 2 per cent of vehicles would have to be zero-emission vehicles or EVs.However, California had to postpone that requirement to 2005 as it was not EV-ready in terms of infrastructure to cope with electric vehicles and their maintenance.
Reva, like any other EV, comes with many positives — zero emissions, easy manoeuvrability and low maintenance. But Maini admits there are a few drawbacks that EVs may face in terms of infrastructure. While every EV manufacturer, including Reva and Mahindra, extol the virtues of an EV, they are unable to come up with answers when it comes to infrastructure problems.For instance, where can you readily charge your electric car? Maini says one can charge the car at home or at work. It works like the cell phone, you just plug it in and in a couple of hours your Reva’s charged. Bingo! But how many homes can the Reva fit into? This has become a huge problem in cities like Mumbai where organised parking itself is a problem.
Maini admits this: "In regular circumstances, plug points can be installed in flats. However, in Mumbai, where infrastructure is a problem, one can work around the system and install plug points at work."He cites examples of environment-friendly companies like Mico and some other smaller software companies which have installed such plug points for employees.
There has been no response from state governments on the issue of infrastructure. According to published reports, Maini had approached the Karnataka government to set up charging stations, but got no response. This brings one back to the US experience, where the number of charging stations was a paltry 8,000, even after years of experience with EVs.Compare this with regular gas stations in the country, which number 200,000! Apart from ad hoc initiatives, no company has been able to address the issue of battery charging in an appropriate manner, even if one assumes that EVs can be charged from home.
Mahindra, which has entered the electric vehicle market with its Bijlee, a substitute to three-wheeler public transportation, comes with similar problems.To begin with, the cost of the 10-seater Bijlee is Rs 3 lakh compared to the Rs 1.8 lakh for a 6-seater vehicle, and the battery needs to be replaced every 12-18 months. The battery replacement would cost Rs 45,000 to Rs 60,000. Though Mahindra runs a couple of charging stations in Delhi and Pondicherry, Somi Saran, the company’s president for Eco Vehicles, feels that the stakeholders should get together to solve the infrastructure problems.According to Saran, owners can come together and start a charging station, and so could others who look upon this as an employment opportunity.
Given the low penetration of EVs, one wonders if it’s lucrative enough to have charging stations for electric vehicles alone. Here are the figures: in all, there are 300 Revas and about 90 Bijlees on Indian roads today.Finally, if one were to do a well-to-wheel analysis, the full impact of zero emission vehicles is taken away.
Says Sumantran: "If you do an entire analysis, most power plants across the world are coal-based. This means there will be pollution in a different place." Despite this, he maintains that the entire automobile industry is interested in electric vehicles, and hopes it becomes a feasible proposition.Meanwhile, the Big Three automakers — namely, Ford, GM and DaimlerChrysler — have not completely abandoned their quest to launch environment friendly vehicles. Currently, what they are betting big on are fuel-cell technology (which uses hydrogen) and hybrid vehicles.
Hybrids combine a regular combustion engine with an electric battery and motor. However, this means mounting two technologies into one automobile, which raises the cost substantially. Some hybrids available today include Honda’s Insight and Toyota’s Prius.Does this mean EVs are only concepts that may never find their way out of Hollywood or Bollywood flicks? Not necessarily. Sumantran feels that EVs are utilitarian, and are successful where short distances are involved.
He cites the example of gated communities in the US — small, self-contained townships for senior citizens, where electric vehicles can successfully serve transportation needs. India may still be a long way off from having gated communities, but EVs could well come here for keeps!
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The motorcycle industry could go into a spin as more and more people would go for the Tata small car, instead of buying a new motorcycle.
Traffic on the roads would become even more maddening. The influx of thousands of cars in place of new bikes will make roads more congested. Motorcycles are small and easily manoeuverable. . . thus they don't contribute to the traffic snarls. A motorcycle is a small piece of fast-moving machinery, which carries one or two passengers whereas a car is a bigger moving vehicle, which on an average would also not carry more than one or two people. This would negate the impact of whatever gains we have made in infrastructural development like road widening or construction of flyovers.
The parking lots will be packed more quickly. The air would become more polluted. More cars would require more water to wash them. These are three things (space, air and water) which are already under a big strain in our cities. The Rs 1-lakh car will put a further squeeze on them.
With more cars on the road, gasoline consumption will go up drastically. The Tata car can't be more than one-fourth as fuel efficient as a Hero Honda or a Bajaj motorcycle, some of which run 80 km to a litre of petrol. The increased petrol consumption will put more pressure on our hydrocarbons sector. India would also begin to guzzle petrol like the USA. And if the Goldman Sachs theory comes true, then we would be a really troubled nation by 2050.
What India needs is a not cheap car, but more fuel-efficient cars. It also needs to make its public transportation better. This would require massive funding, but would reduce fuel consumption which in turn would reduce our overall trade deficit.
One small way of funding infrastructure requirements of public transportation would be to increase excise duty on cars. This may make cars more expensive and less affordable. . . But then isn't that our primary objective too, given the state of our energy equation?
The author is a management consultant and a freelance writer. He is currently on a consulting assignment in Nigeria. He can be contacted at sudhir_bisht@rediffmail.com
Thursday, January 03, 2008
Windmill
A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind. It is designed to convert the energy of the wind into more useful forms using rotating blades. The term also refers to the structure it is commonly built on. In much of Europe, windmills served to grind grain, later applications include pumping water.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Vertical axle windmills
1.2 Horizontal axle windmills
1.3 In Canada and the United States
1.4 Modern windmills
2 Windmills in culture and literature
3 Footnotes
4 References
5 Further reading
6 See also
7 Gallery
8 External links
8.1 History links
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Wind at His back
Hands On
Malaysia's 40 Richest
Casino Cash Flow
Complete Contents
Tulsi Tanti anticipated India's enormous yen for renewable energy and became a billionaire in the process.
Confronted in 1994 with escalating power costs, Tulsi Tanti's young textile business was in dire straits. With survival at stake, Tanti chanced upon a solution that was literally blowing in the wind. Commissioning two windmills to supply electricity for the family's factory in Gujarat, on India's west coast, he realized that he had stumbled onto a promising business opportunity. In a power-starved nation, renewable energy has a favored future.
India's power is woefully inadequate during summer months when temperatures soar to 115 degrees Fahrenheit and demand peaks. In Delhi, the national capital, a recent heat wave compelled the government to mandate early shuttering of stores and to ban home air-conditioner use until after 9 p.m. "Our country needs power for its economic growth, and clean, green power is the best option," says Tanti, 48. Acting on that belief, he radically shifted his enterprise into what is now Suzlon Energy, which just reported annual revenues of $850 million. That was nearly double the previous year.
Since changing course in 1994 Tanti has become Asia's foremost wind man and one among India's growing crop of new billionaires. Suzlon Energy makes wind turbines, industry jargon for modern windmills, to generate electricity. The 70% stake that Tanti and his three brothers own in their Bombay Stock Exchange-listed company is worth $4.3 billion. The stock has risen 60% since Suzlon's first daily close last October, giving Tanti an entrée into the billionaire ranks.
Now situated in Pune, a city known for its engineering skills, Suzlon is a prime example of India's emerging story in manufacturing, less told than the technology- services tale. A fellow Pune billionaire, Baba Kalyani, has built Bharat Forge, which makes auto chassis, into a world beater. Tanti wants a similar status for Suzlon.
The company already ranks as the world's eighth-largest producer of wind energy in terms of installed capacity to date. Tanti is aiming high and wants to close the gap with Suzlon's biggest European competitors, Denmark's Vestas Wind Systems, Germany's Enercon and Spain's Gamesa. Suzlon's surging revenues are only one-fifth those of Vestas, but the Indian outfit has been consistently profitable for six years. Vestas made losses in the last two years.
At home, where it still makes 90% of its sales, Suzlon has 35% of the market. The country is among the top five wind power users, which collectively account for 70% of global capacity. With its mission to provide "Power for all by 2012" India's federal government has introduced legislation making it compulsory for electricity distributors to get a specified quantum from renewable energy sources. There is a separate ministry for nonconventional energy, which has estimated the country's capacity to generate wind power at 45,000 megawatts, more than ten times current installed capacity.
Wind power has its critics, one beef being the noise that neighbors of turbines have to endure. But densely populated India in fact has large tracts of open land, mostly in remote rural areas. About 15 to 20 acres are needed for a 1-megawatt installation. Suzlon has built Asia's largest wind farm, with an installed capacity of 500 megawatts, near Kanyakumari, on India's southernmost tip, where trade winds of 15mph are common. The ministry of nonconventional energy has created a "wind atlas" for picking the best sites.
India itself could easily keep Suzlon busy in the years to come. But Tanti is keen to expand abroad. "This is a global business, and we want to also grow in the global market," he insists. Worldwide the wind energy industry is worth $11 billion, growing 27% a year for the past five years. BTM Consult ApS, a renewable energy consultancy in Denmark, predicts that global installed capacity for wind power will more than double to 124,000 megawatts by 2009. Tanti is positioning Suzlon to get a fair chunk of that growth by being a low-cost producer and is collecting engineering talent so Suzlon can continually improve technology.
"Tulsi is a tiger with a burning desire to play on the global stage. He wants Suzlon to be among the top three wind energy companies in the world," says Ashish Dhawan, senior managing director, ChrysCapital, a private equity firm in Mumbai that made a timely $11 million investment in Suzlon in 2004. (ChrysCapital bought shares at 27 rupees, selling part of its then 7% stake just before the IPO for a slight discount to the 510-rupees-a-share IPO price. Dhawan remains on Suzlon's all-Indian board.)
Can a relative newcomer seriously challenge the Europeans, who have dominated the modern incarnation of the industry for 40 years? Until the IPO Suzlon was virtually unknown and had to hard sell its credentials. "Now we can tell our potential customers that we're a $6 billion [market cap] company!" beams Tanti. In a marketing drive led by Tanti's younger brother Girish, an electronics engineer, Suzlon has established a marketing outpost in Denmark to canvas for customers outside India. The company has made headway in the U.S. and China and, more recently, in Australia.
Suzlon started selling in the U.S. in 2003 when it landed a contract with DanMar & Associates, a Minnesota development firm, to supply 24 turbines in southwestern Minnesota. Suzlon clinched the deal not only because it could supply at prices 10% cheaper than its European rivals. "Their design and technology was better suited for our wind resources in the U.S. Midwest and 10% more efficient than that of competing providers," says DanMar's founder Dan Juhl, who has followed up with repeat orders. Turns out that Suzlon's robust turbines could best withstand extreme weather conditions.
Customers like John Deere Credit got sold on Suzlon's willingness to execute even the smallest of projects. To serve its customers, Deere figured out that renewable energy was another "crop" that farmers could be harvesting. "We felt that Suzlon, which was learning to become a global supplier, was the best option for our small community-based projects," says David Drescher, vice president of the wind energy group at John Deere Credit.
With orders worth $600 million in hand from U.S., Chinese and Australian customers, Suzlon has invested in a service support facility and a workshop in Pipestone, Minnesota to manufacture rotor blades. At 140 feet these are longer than the wing of a 747 plane, so they are too expensive to transport across continents. Building them closer to the customer location obviates the logistical issues of transporting them from India."We're an Indian company that's creating 300 jobs in the U.S.," boasts Tanti.
Tuesday, January 01, 2008
List of certified Energy Auditors
PDF]
LIST OF CERTIFIED ENERGY AUDITORS (3 NATIONAL CERTIFICATION ...
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTMLLIST OF CERTIFIED ENERGY AUDITORS. (3. rd. NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION - 2006). List not yet notified. It can be used presently on voluntary basis ...www.energymanagertraining.com/exam/ListEA_EM/CertifiedEnergyAuditors-2006.pdf - Similar pages -
Tuesday, December 25, 2007
Go green in the capital and cut your power bill
Delhi government tells one and all to use solar energy to conserve electricity, promises tariff subsidy
Gyan Varma. New Delhi
The national capital's hospitality sector has received a Christmas gift from the state government. Luring five-star hotels with a subsidy on electricity tariff, the government has asked them to use solar panels to meet their power needs. In a bid to accomplish 'Green Delhi' before the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the government has asked all top hotels in New Delhi to make use of the solar energy technology. Maurya Sheraton and Vasant Continental have already started using solar panels. "We have urged the hotel industry to use solar panels because it will not only help meet the increasing demand for electricity, but would also lessen the burden. These hotels would be given subsidies on power tariffs," said a senior official of the electricity department of the Delhi government. The government has decided to give a rebate of Rs6,000 to hotels on power tariff. The subsidy could increase with greater use of solar energy. "We have also asked government offices to switch to solar energy. Most of the new offices and games complexes will have solar panels," the officer added. The 'Green Delhi' move is not limited to hotels, housing societies and bungalows have also been asked to use solar panels. The government has also asked hospitals to go green and conserve power. "We have made it mandatory for group housing societies and hospitals to install solar panels. A similar recommendation has been made to individuals using more than 500sq ft of area," said the officer. "Housing complexes and hospitals are places where power consumption is most because of the large number of people. "We are trying to limit the use of power in these public places and have asked them to use renewable energy," he added. mailto:v_gyan@dnaindia.
--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- - How can we persuade the Maharashtra Govt. to focus on power saving and green power by giving measured subsidies to encourage manfacture of solar heating and pv systems? --
Saturday, December 01, 2007
![[4]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:World_energy_usage_width_chart.svg){kind=link}
Friday, July 20, 2007
Energy saving in lighting
PDF]
PowerPoint Presentation
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTMLCFL lamps can easily replace GLS lamps and offer the following benefits : ... Conversion of 1 million GLS lamps of 100W to CFL of 20W ...bee-india.nic.in/sidelinks/Useful%20Downloads/Presentation%20seminars/6thAug2005/GasganMehraCFL_Workshop.pdf - Similar pages
[PDF]
ENERGY SAVINGS IN LIGHTING using COMPACT FLOURESCENT LAMPS
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTMLCFL is the. further development of fluorescent tube light technology and is primarily best for replacement of. GLS lamps. - Sodium vapor lamps and metal ...bee-india.nic.in/sidelinks/Useful%20Downloads/Presentation%20seminars/6thAug2005/06CPWD.pdf - Similar pages